The popular version of the Dunning–Kruger effect is a punchline: stupid people are loud, smart people are humble. That is not what the research says, and it is a sloppy way to run a public argument. The actual claim is narrower and more useful. In domains that require skill, the same gaps that produce bad … Continue reading The Dunning–Kruger Effect Is Not a Meme. It Is a Warning About Who Gets to Talk With Certainty